Cystitis is an inflammation of the walls of the bladder of an acute or chronic course. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, accompanied by symptoms of pus in the urine, blood clots, intoxication in children, and fever. The disease is common among people of all ages and sexes, but it is more often identified in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first symptom is a frequent urge to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic area, the pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, and the bladder is slightly full. Urine itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the movement ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of the urine changes: cloudy, dark, appears with sediment, has an unpleasant smell. With a favorable result, the health condition improves within 4-5 days, the patient recovers within 7-10 days.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a continuous slow course. Symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute phase.
The reasons
Certain conditions are necessary for the development of cystitis: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is contagious. The main causative agents of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococci, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, kidneys, less often from other inflammatory sites: lymph, blood, damaged wall of the bladder.
A favorable background for the development of bladder inflammation is created:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- wearing clothes that are too tight;
- nutrition;
- vitamin deficiency;
- physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- chronic diseases;
- change of sexual partner or initiation of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions on the bladder, prostate gland;
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- effects of radiation, chemical and toxic substances on the body;
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- the presence of foreign bodies: ureters, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
Diseases and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta's stricture in boys / men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases play a certain role in the development of cystitis.
Varieties
Cystitis is classified according to different criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by inflammatory damage to the mucous membrane and submucosal layer, and chronic - morphological changes affecting the muscle layer;
- according to etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, drug, radiation, allergic);
- in the form: primary - occurs without structural and functional changes in the urinary system, secondary - develops in conditions of bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes;
- according to the spread of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and general (diffuse).
Diagnostics
Clinical manifestations, results of laboratory and instrumental studies help the urologist in the diagnosis of cystitis. The general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora, and determination of the acidity level of urine play a key role in recognizing cystitis, its type, and the characteristics of its course. According to the indications, endoscopic examination of the mucous membrane of the bladder (cystoscopy) or X-ray (cystography), examination urography and ultrasound examination of the bladder are performed.
To confirm / exclude cystitis, specialists of CMRT clinics use modern diagnostic methods, for example:
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Ultrasound (ultrasound)
- duplex scanning
- Calculated topography of Diers spine
- Check-up (comprehensive examination of the body)
- CT
Which doctor should be consulted?
A urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and symptoms accompanying the disease, it may be necessary to consult a gynecologist and other specialists.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is selected by a urologist, sometimes together with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon and other specialists. In the stage of acute cystitis, to alleviate the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet, restriction of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, heating procedures in the bladder area are recommended. In order to quickly cleanse the bladder of toxins, bacteria, and inflammatory components, it is necessary to strengthen the drinking regime. Along with slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
In the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tracts, uroantiseptics, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral drugs are used, taking into account the type of pathogen. Get rid of pain, eliminate muscle spasm, stop signs of inflammation as prescribed, take analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, herbal medicines, electrophoresis, magnetotherapy are prescribed after the symptoms of the disease subside.
In the stage of complications, when it is not possible to treat the disease with conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or the pathologically changed region is performed by resection, laser exposure, and freezing.
Complications
Initial conditions for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible adverse effects include:
- sclerotic deformation of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (reverse flow from the bladder to the urethra);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
Prevention of cystitis
Prevention of cystitis helps to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early detection and treatment of infections, concomitant diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthening immunity;
- compliance with the drinking regime.